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Martijn Dekker ea300089a1 New feature: 'typeset -g' as in bash 4.2+ 
typeset -g allows directly manipulating the attributes of variables
at the global level from any context. This feature already exists
on bash 4.2 and later.

mksh (R50+), yash and zsh have this flag as well, but it's slightly
different: it ignores the current local scope, but a parent local
scope from a calling function may still be used -- whereas on bash,
'-g' always refers to the global scope. Since ksh93 uses static
scoping (see III.Q28 at <http://kornshell.com/doc/faq.html>), only
the bash behaviour makes sense here.

Note that the implementation needs to be done both in nv_setlist()
(name.c) and in b_typeset() (typeset.c) because assignments are
executed before the typeset built-in itself. Hence also the
pre-parsing of typeset options in sh_exec().

src/cmd/ksh93/include/nval.h:
- Add new NV_GLOBAL bit flag, using a previously unused bit that
  still falls within the 32-bit integer range.

src/cmd/ksh93/sh/xec.c: sh_exec():
- When pre-parsing typeset flags, make -g pass the NV_GLOBAL flag
  to the nv_setlist() call that processes shell assignments prior
  to running the command.

src/cmd/ksh93/sh/name.c: nv_setlist():
- When the NV_GLOBAL bit flag is passed, save the current variable
  tree pointer (sh.var_tree) as well as the current namespace
  (sh.namespace) and temporarily set the former to the global
  variable tree (sh.var_base) and the latter to NULL. This makes
  assignments global and ignores namesapces.

src/cmd/ksh93/bltins/typeset.c:
- b_typeset():
  - Use NV_GLOBAL bit flag for -g.
  - Allow combining -n with -g, permitting 'typeset -gn var' or
    'nameref -g var' to create a global nameref from a function.
  - Do not allow a nonsensical use of -g when using nested typeset
    to define member variables of 'typeset -T' types. (Type method
    functions can still use it as normal.)
- setall():
  - If NV_GLOBAL is passed, use sh.var_base and deactivate
    sh.namespace as in nv_setlist(). This allows attributes
    to be set correctly for global variables.

src/cmd/ksh93/tests/{functions,namespace}.sh:
- Add regression tests based on reproducers for problems found
  by @hyenias in preliminary versions of this feature.

Resolves: https://github.com/ksh93/ksh/issues/479
2022-06-01 21:07:01 +01:00

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Announcing: KornShell 93u+m 1.0.0-beta.(unreleased)
https://github.com/ksh93/ksh
In May 2020, when every KornShell (ksh93) development project was
abandoned, development was rebooted in a new fork based on the last
stable AT&T version: ksh 93u+. This new fork is called ksh 93u+m as a
permanent nod to its origin. We're restarting it at version 1.0. Seven
months after the first beta, the second one is ready. Please test this
second beta and report any bugs you find, or help us fix known bugs.
We're now the default ksh93 in some OS distributions, at least Debian
and Slackware! Even though we don't think it's stable release quality
yet, the consensus seems to be that 93u+m is already much better than
the last AT&T release.
Main developers: Martijn Dekker, Johnothan King, hyenias
Contributors: Andy Fiddaman, Anuradha Weeraman, Chase, Gordon Woodhull,
Govind Kamat, Harald van Dijk, Lev Kujawski, Marc Wilson, Ryan Schmidt,
Sterling Jensen
HOW TO GET IT
Please download the source code tarball from our GitHub releases page:
https://github.com/ksh93/ksh/releases
To build, follow the instructions in README.md or src/cmd/ksh93/README.
HOW TO GET INVOLVED
To report a bug, please open an issue at our GitHub page (see above).
Alternatively, email me at martijn@inlv.org with your report.
To get involved in development, read the brief policy information in
README.md and then jump right in with a pull request or email a patch.
See the TODO file in the top-level directory for a to-do list.
### MAIN CHANGES between 1.0.0-beta.2 and 1.0.0-(unreleased) ###
New features in built-in commands:
- Two bash-like flags for 'whence' were backported from ksh 93v-:
- 'whence -P/type -P' is an alias to the existing -p flag.
- 'whence -t/type -t' will print only the type of a command in a simple
format that is designed to be easy to use for scripts. Example:
$ type -t typeset; whence -t sh
builtin
file
- Added three options to the ulimit builtin with the same names and
functionality as in Bash:
- 'ulimit -k' sets the maximum number of kqueues.
- 'ulimit -P' sets the maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
- 'ulimit -R' sets the maximum time in microseconds a real-time process
can run before blocking.
Note that to use these options the operating system must support the
corresponding resource limit.
- 'typeset' has a new '-g' flag that forces variables to be created or
modified at the global scope regardless of context, as on bash 4.2+.
New command line editor features:
- Various keys on extended PC keyboards are now handled as expected in the
emacs and vi built-in line editors: Ctrl or Alt + left or right arrow (go
back or forward one word), Ctrl+G (cancel reverse search), Ctrl+Delete
(delete next word). In addition, the Insert key now escapes the next
character in emacs and enters insert mode in vi, and the arrow keys are
recognized on more terminals.
New features in shell options:
- The new --histreedit and --histverify options modify history expansion
(--histexpand). If --histreedit is on and a history expansion fails, the
command line is reloaded into the next prompt's edit buffer, allowing
corrections. If --histverify is on, the results of a history expansion are
not immediately executed but instead loaded into the next prompt's edit
buffer, allowing further changes.
### MAIN CHANGES between 1.0.0-beta.1 and 1.0.0-beta.2 ###
New features in built-in commands:
- 'cd' now supports an -e option that, when combined with -P, verifies
that $PWD is correct after changing directories; this helps detect
access permission problems. See:
https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=253
- 'printf' now supports a -v option as in bash. This assigns formatted
output directly to variables, which is very fast and will not strip
final newline (\n) characters.
- The 'return' command, when used to return from a function, can now
return any status value in the 32-bit signed integer range, like on
zsh. However, due to a traditional Unix kernel limitation, $? is
still trimmed to its least significant 8 bits whenever leaving a
(sub)shell environment.
- 'test'/'[' now supports all the same operators as [[ (including =~,
\<, \>) except for the different 'and'/'or' operators. Note that
'test'/'[' remains deprecated due to its unfixable pitfalls;
[[ ... ]] is recommended instead.
Shell language changes:
- Several improvements were made to the --noexec shell code linter.
- Arithmetic expressions in native ksh mode no longer interpret a
number with a leading zero as octal in any context. Use 8#octalnumber
instead (e.g. 8#400 == 256). Arithmetic expressions now also behave
identically within and outside ((...)) and $((...)).
- POSIX compatibility mode fixes (only applicable with the --posix shell
option on):
- A leading zero is now consistently recognised as introducing an octal
number in all arithmetic contexts.
- $((inf)) and $((nan)) are now interpreted as regular variables.
- The '.' built-in no longer runs ksh functions and now only runs
files.
Bugs fixed:
- '.' and '..' are now once again completed by tab completion.
- If SIGINT is set to ignore, the interactive shell no longer exits on
Ctrl+C.
- ksh now builds and runs on Apple's new M1 hardware.
- The 'return' and 'exit' commands no longer risk triggering actual
signals by returning or exiting with a status > 256.
- Ksh no longer behaves badly when parsing a type definition command
('typeset -T' or 'enum') without executing it or when executing it in
a subshell. Types can now safely be defined in subshells and defined
conditionally as in 'if condition; then enum ...; fi'.
- Discipline functions, especially those applied to PS2 or .sh.tilde,
will no longer crash your shell upon being interrupted or throwing an
error.
- Fixed a bug that could corrupt output if standard output is closed
upon initialising the shell.
- Fixed a bug in the [[ ... ]] compound command: the '!' logical
negation operator now correctly negates another '!', e.g.,
[[ ! ! 1 -eq 1 ]] now returns 0/true. Note that this has always been
the case for 'test'/'['.
- Fixed SHLVL so that replacing ksh by itself (exec ksh) will not
increase it.
- Arithmetic expressions are no longer allowed to assign out-of-range
values to variables of types declared with enum.
- The 'time' keyword no longer makes the --errexit shell option
ineffective.
- Various bugs in libcmd built-in commands (those bound to the
/opt/ast/bin path by default) have been fixed.
- Various other crashing bugs have been fixed.
Fixes for the shcomp byte code compiler:
- shcomp is now able to compile scripts that define types using enum.
- shcomp now refuses to mess up your terminal by writing bytecode
to it.
### MAIN CHANGES between ksh 93u+ 2012-08-01 and 93u+m 1.0.0-beta.1 ###
Hundreds of bugs have been fixed, including many serious/critical bugs.
This includes upstreamed patches from OpenSUSE, Red Hat, and Solaris, fixes
backported from the abandoned 93v- beta and ksh2020 fork, as well as many
new fixes from the community. See the NEWS file for more information, and
the git commit log for complete documentation of every fix. Incompatible
changes have been minimised, but not at the expense of fixing bugs. For a
list of potentially incompatible changes, see src/cmd/ksh93/COMPATIBILITY.
Though there was a "no new features, bugfixes only" policy, some new
features were found necessary, either to fix serious design flaws or to
complete functionality that was evidently intended, but not finished.
Below is a summary of these new features.
New command line editor features:
- The forward-delete and End keys are now handled as expected in the
emacs and vi built-in line editors.
- In the vi and emacs line editors, repeat count parameters can now also
be used for the arrow keys and the forward-delete key. E.g., in emacs
mode, <ESC> 7 <left-arrow> will now move the cursor seven positions to
the left. In vi control mode, this would be entered as: 7 <left-arrow>.
New shell language features:
- The &>file redirection shorthand (for >file 2>&1) is now available for
all scripts and interactive sessions and not only for profile/login
scripts, bringing ksh 93u+m in line with mksh, bash, and zsh.
- File name generation (a.k.a. pathname expansion, a.k.a. globbing) now
never matches the special navigational names '.' (current directory)
and '..' (parent directory). This change makes a pattern like .*
useful; it now matches all hidden files (dotfiles) in the current
directory, without the harmful inclusion of '.' and '..'.
- Tilde expansion can now be extended or modified by defining a
.sh.tilde.get or .sh.tilde.set discipline function. This replaces a
2004 undocumented attempt to add this functionality via a .sh.tilde
command, which never worked and crashed the shell. See the manual for
details on the new method.
- A new ${.sh.pid} variable has been added with similar functionality to
Bash's $BASHPID variable. It is set to the current shell's PID, unlike
$$ (which is set to the main shell's PID). In virtual subshells
${.sh.pid} is not changed from its previous value, while in forked
subshells ${.sh.pid} is set to the subshell's process ID.
New features in built-in commands:
- Usage error messages now show the --help/--man self-documentation options.
- Path-bound built-ins (such as /opt/ast/bin/cat) can now be executed by
invoking the canonical path, so the following will now work as expected:
$ /opt/ast/bin/cat --version
version cat (AT&T Research) 2012-05-31
- 'command -x' now looks for external commands only, skipping built-ins.
In addition, its xargs-like functionality no longer freezes the shell on
Linux and macOS, making it effectively a new feature on these systems.
- 'redirect' now checks if all arguments are valid redirections before
performing them. If an error occurs, it issues an error message instead
of terminating the shell.
- 'suspend' now refuses to suspend a login shell, as there is probably no
parent shell to return to and the login session would freeze.
- 'times' now gives high precision output in a POSIX compliant format.
- 'typeset' now gives an informative error message if an incompatible
combination of options is given.
- 'whence -v/-a' now reports the location of autoloadable functions.
New features in shell options:
- A new --globcasedetect shell option is added on OSs where we can
check for a case-insensitive file system (currently Windows/Cygwin,
macOS, Linux and QNX 7.0+). When this option is turned on, file name
generation (globbing), as well as file name tab completion on
interactive shells, automatically become case-insensitive on file
systems where the difference between upper and lower case is ignored
for file names. This is transparently determined for each directory, so
a path pattern that spans multiple file systems can be part
case-sensitive and part case-insensitive.
- A new --nobackslashctrl shell option disables the special escaping
behaviour of the backslash character in the emacs and vi built-in
editors. Particularly in the emacs editor, this makes it much easier to
go backward, insert a forgotten backslash into a command, and then
continue editing without having your next cursor key replace your
backslash with garbage. Note that Ctrl+V (or whatever other character
was set using 'stty lnext') always escapes all control characters in
either editing mode.
- A new --posix shell option has been added to ksh 93u+m that makes the
ksh language more compatible with other shells by following the POSIX
standard more closely. See the manual page for details. It is enabled by
default if ksh is invoked as sh, otherwise it is disabled by default.
- Enhancement to -G/--globstar: symbolic links to directories are now
followed if they match a normal (non-**) glob pattern. For example, if
'/lnk' is a symlink to a directory, '/lnk/**' and '/l?k/**' now work as
you would expect.
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