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Add Network Performance to EC2 Basics (#296)
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- 🔸**MD5s and multi-part uploads:** In S3, the [ETag header in S3](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTCommonResponseHeaders.html) is a hash on the object. And in many cases, it is the MD5 hash. However, this [is not the case in general](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12186993/what-is-the-algorithm-to-compute-the-amazon-s3-etag-for-a-file-larger-than-5gb) when you use multi-part uploads. One workaround is to compute MD5s yourself and put them in a custom header (such as is done by [s4cmd](https://github.com/bloomreach/s4cmd)).
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- 🔸**US Standard region:** Previously, the us-east-1 region (also known as the US Standard region) was replicated across coasts, which led to greater variability of latency. Effective Jun 19, 2015 this is [no longer the case](https://forums.aws.amazon.com/ann.jspa?annID=3112). All Amazon S3 regions now support read-after-write consistency. Amazon S3 also renamed the US Standard region to the US East (N. Virginia) region to be consistent with AWS regional naming conventions.
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- ❗When configuring ACLs on who can access the bucket and contents, a predefined group exists called **[Authenticated Users](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html)**. This group is often used, incorrectly, to restrict S3 resource access to authenticated users of the owning account. If granted, the AuthenticatedUsers group will allow S3 resource access to **all authenticated users, across all AWS accounts**. A typical use case of this ACL is used in conjunction with the [requester pays](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/RequesterPaysBuckets.html) functionality of S3.
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- 🔸**S3 authentication versions and regions:** In newer regions, S3 [only supports the latest authentication](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/UsingAWSSDK.html#specify-signature-version). If an S3 file operation using CLI or SDK doesn't work in one region, but works correctly in another region, make sure you are using the latest [authentication signature](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sig-v4-authenticating-requests.html).
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### Storage Durability, Availability, and Price
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- **EC2** (Elastic Compute Cloud) is AWS’ offering of the most fundamental piece of cloud computing: A [virtual private server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server). These “instances” can run [most Linux, BSD, and Windows operating systems](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/faqs/#What_operating_system_environments_are_supported). Internally, they use [Xen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen) virtualization.
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- The term “EC2” is sometimes used to refer to the servers themselves, but technically refers more broadly to a whole collection of supporting services, too, like load balancing (CLBs/ALBs), IP addresses (EIPs), bootable images (AMIs), security groups, and network drives (EBS) (which we discuss individually in this guide).
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- 💸**[EC2 pricing](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/)** and **[cost management](#ec2-cost-management)** is a complicated topic. It can range from free (on the [AWS free tier](https://aws.amazon.com/free/)) to a lot, depending on your usage. Pricing is by instance type, by hour and changes depending on AWS region and whether you are purchasing your instances [On-Demand](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/), on the [Spot market](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/spot/) or pre-purchasing ([Reserved Instances](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/reserved-instances/)).
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- **Network Performance:** For some instance types, AWS uses general terms like Low, Medium, and High to refer to network performance. Users have done [benchmarking](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18507405/ec2-instance-typess-exact-network-performance) to provide expectations for what these terms can mean.
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### EC2 Alternatives and Lock-In
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