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// -*- Mode: C++; c-basic-offset: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
/* Copyright (c) 2007, Google Inc.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
* in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
* * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* ---
* Author: Joi Sigurdsson
* Author: Scott Francis
*
* Definition of PreamblePatcher
*/
#ifndef GOOGLE_PERFTOOLS_PREAMBLE_PATCHER_H_
#define GOOGLE_PERFTOOLS_PREAMBLE_PATCHER_H_
#include "config.h"
#include <windows.h>
// compatibility shim
#include "base/logging.h"
#define SIDESTEP_ASSERT(cond) RAW_DCHECK(cond, #cond)
#define SIDESTEP_LOG(msg) RAW_VLOG(1, msg)
// Maximum size of the preamble stub. We overwrite at least the first 5
// bytes of the function. Considering the worst case scenario, we need 4
// bytes + the max instruction size + 5 more bytes for our jump back to
// the original code. With that in mind, 32 is a good number :)
#ifdef _M_X64
// In 64-bit mode we may need more room. In 64-bit mode all jumps must be
// within +/-2GB of RIP. Because of this limitation we may need to use a
// trampoline to jump to the replacement function if it is further than 2GB
// away from the target. The trampoline is 14 bytes.
//
// So 4 bytes + max instruction size (17 bytes) + 5 bytes to jump back to the
// original code + trampoline size. 64 bytes is a nice number :-)
#define MAX_PREAMBLE_STUB_SIZE (64)
#else
#define MAX_PREAMBLE_STUB_SIZE (32)
#endif
// Determines if this is a 64-bit binary.
#ifdef _M_X64
static const bool kIs64BitBinary = true;
#else
static const bool kIs64BitBinary = false;
#endif
namespace sidestep {
// Possible results of patching/unpatching
enum SideStepError {
SIDESTEP_SUCCESS = 0,
SIDESTEP_INVALID_PARAMETER,
SIDESTEP_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER,
SIDESTEP_JUMP_INSTRUCTION,
SIDESTEP_FUNCTION_TOO_SMALL,
SIDESTEP_UNSUPPORTED_INSTRUCTION,
SIDESTEP_NO_SUCH_MODULE,
SIDESTEP_NO_SUCH_FUNCTION,
SIDESTEP_ACCESS_DENIED,
SIDESTEP_UNEXPECTED,
};
#define SIDESTEP_TO_HRESULT(error) \
MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_NULL, error)
class DeleteUnsignedCharArray;
// Implements a patching mechanism that overwrites the first few bytes of
// a function preamble with a jump to our hook function, which is then
// able to call the original function via a specially-made preamble-stub
// that imitates the action of the original preamble.
//
// NOTE: This patching mechanism should currently only be used for
// non-production code, e.g. unit tests, because it is not threadsafe.
// See the TODO in preamble_patcher_with_stub.cc for instructions on what
// we need to do before using it in production code; it's fairly simple
// but unnecessary for now since we only intend to use it in unit tests.
//
// To patch a function, use either of the typesafe Patch() methods. You
// can unpatch a function using Unpatch().
//
// Typical usage goes something like this:
// @code
// typedef int (*MyTypesafeFuncPtr)(int x);
// MyTypesafeFuncPtr original_func_stub;
// int MyTypesafeFunc(int x) { return x + 1; }
// int HookMyTypesafeFunc(int x) { return 1 + original_func_stub(x); }
//
// void MyPatchInitializingFunction() {
// original_func_stub = PreamblePatcher::Patch(
// MyTypesafeFunc, HookMyTypesafeFunc);
// if (!original_func_stub) {
// // ... error handling ...
// }
//
// // ... continue - you have patched the function successfully ...
// }
// @endcode
//
// Note that there are a number of ways that this method of patching can
// fail. The most common are:
// - If there is a jump (jxx) instruction in the first 5 bytes of
// the function being patched, we cannot patch it because in the
// current implementation we do not know how to rewrite relative
// jumps after relocating them to the preamble-stub. Note that
// if you really really need to patch a function like this, it
// would be possible to add this functionality (but at some cost).
// - If there is a return (ret) instruction in the first 5 bytes
// we cannot patch the function because it may not be long enough
// for the jmp instruction we use to inject our patch.
// - If there is another thread currently executing within the bytes
// that are copied to the preamble stub, it will crash in an undefined
// way.
//
// If you get any other error than the above, you're either pointing the
// patcher at an invalid instruction (e.g. into the middle of a multi-
// byte instruction, or not at memory containing executable instructions)
// or, there may be a bug in the disassembler we use to find
// instruction boundaries.
//
// NOTE: In optimized builds, when you have very trivial functions that
// the compiler can reason do not have side effects, the compiler may
// reuse the result of calling the function with a given parameter, which
// may mean if you patch the function in between your patch will never get
// invoked. See preamble_patcher_test.cc for an example.
class PERFTOOLS_DLL_DECL PreamblePatcher {
public:
// This is a typesafe version of RawPatch(), identical in all other
// ways than it takes a template parameter indicating the type of the
// function being patched.
//
// @param T The type of the function you are patching. Usually
// you will establish this type using a typedef, as in the following
// example:
// @code
// typedef BOOL (WINAPI *MessageBoxPtr)(HWND, LPCTSTR, LPCTSTR, UINT);
// MessageBoxPtr original = NULL;
// PreamblePatcher::Patch(MessageBox, Hook_MessageBox, &original);
// @endcode
template <class T>
static SideStepError Patch(T target_function,
T replacement_function,
T* original_function_stub) {
// NOTE: casting from a function to a pointer is contra the C++
// spec. It's not safe on IA64, but is on i386. We use
// a C-style cast here to emphasize this is not legal C++.
return RawPatch((void*)(target_function),
(void*)(replacement_function),
(void**)(original_function_stub));
}
// Patches a named function imported from the named module using
// preamble patching. Uses RawPatch() to do the actual patching
// work.
//
// @param T The type of the function you are patching. Must
// exactly match the function you specify using module_name and
// function_name.
//
// @param module_name The name of the module from which the function
// is being imported. Note that the patch will fail if this module
// has not already been loaded into the current process.
//
// @param function_name The name of the function you wish to patch.
//
// @param replacement_function Your replacement function which
// will be called whenever code tries to call the original function.
//
// @param original_function_stub Pointer to memory that should receive a
// pointer that can be used (e.g. in the replacement function) to call the
// original function, or NULL to indicate failure.
//
// @return One of the EnSideStepError error codes; only SIDESTEP_SUCCESS
// indicates success.
template <class T>
static SideStepError Patch(LPCTSTR module_name,
LPCSTR function_name,
T replacement_function,
T* original_function_stub) {
SIDESTEP_ASSERT(module_name && function_name);
if (!module_name || !function_name) {
SIDESTEP_ASSERT(false &&
"You must specify a module name and function name.");
return SIDESTEP_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
HMODULE module = ::GetModuleHandle(module_name);
SIDESTEP_ASSERT(module != NULL);
if (!module) {
SIDESTEP_ASSERT(false && "Invalid module name.");
return SIDESTEP_NO_SUCH_MODULE;
}
FARPROC existing_function = ::GetProcAddress(module, function_name);
if (!existing_function) {
SIDESTEP_ASSERT(
false && "Did not find any function with that name in the module.");
return SIDESTEP_NO_SUCH_FUNCTION;
}
// NOTE: casting from a function to a pointer is contra the C++
// spec. It's not safe on IA64, but is on i386. We use
// a C-style cast here to emphasize this is not legal C++.
return RawPatch((void*)existing_function, (void*)replacement_function,
(void**)(original_function_stub));
}
// Patches a function by overwriting its first few bytes with
// a jump to a different function. This is the "worker" function
// for each of the typesafe Patch() functions. In most cases,
// it is preferable to use the Patch() functions rather than
// this one as they do more checking at compile time.
//
// @param target_function A pointer to the function that should be
// patched.
//
// @param replacement_function A pointer to the function that should
// replace the target function. The replacement function must have
// exactly the same calling convention and parameters as the original
// function.
//
// @param original_function_stub Pointer to memory that should receive a
// pointer that can be used (e.g. in the replacement function) to call the
// original function, or NULL to indicate failure.
//
// @param original_function_stub Pointer to memory that should receive a
// pointer that can be used (e.g. in the replacement function) to call the
// original function, or NULL to indicate failure.
//
// @return One of the EnSideStepError error codes; only SIDESTEP_SUCCESS
// indicates success.
//
// @note The preamble-stub (the memory pointed to by
// *original_function_stub) is allocated on the heap, and (in
// production binaries) never destroyed, resulting in a memory leak. This
// will be the case until we implement safe unpatching of a method.
// However, it is quite difficult to unpatch a method (because other
// threads in the process may be using it) so we are leaving it for now.
// See however UnsafeUnpatch, which can be used for binaries where you
// know only one thread is running, e.g. unit tests.
static SideStepError RawPatch(void* target_function,
void* replacement_function,
void** original_function_stub);
// Unpatches target_function and deletes the stub that previously could be
// used to call the original version of the function.
//
// DELETES the stub that is passed to the function.
//
// @param target_function Pointer to the target function which was
// previously patched, i.e. a pointer which value should match the value
// of the symbol prior to patching it.
//
// @param replacement_function Pointer to the function target_function
// was patched to.
//
// @param original_function_stub Pointer to the stub returned when
// patching, that could be used to call the original version of the
// patched function. This function will also delete the stub, which after
// unpatching is useless.
//
// If your original call was
// Patch(VirtualAlloc, MyVirtualAlloc, &origptr)
// then to undo it you would call
// Unpatch(VirtualAlloc, MyVirtualAlloc, origptr);
//
// @return One of the EnSideStepError error codes; only SIDESTEP_SUCCESS
// indicates success.
static SideStepError Unpatch(void* target_function,
void* replacement_function,
void* original_function_stub);
// A helper routine when patching, which follows jmp instructions at
// function addresses, to get to the "actual" function contents.
// This allows us to identify two functions that are at different
// addresses but actually resolve to the same code.
//
// @param target_function Pointer to a function.
//
// @return Either target_function (the input parameter), or if
// target_function's body consists entirely of a JMP instruction,
// the address it JMPs to (or more precisely, the address at the end
// of a chain of JMPs).
template <class T>
static T ResolveTarget(T target_function) {
return (T)ResolveTargetImpl((unsigned char*)target_function, NULL);
}
// Allocates a block of memory of size MAX_PREAMBLE_STUB_SIZE that is as
// close (within 2GB) as possible to target. This is done to ensure that
// we can perform a relative jump from target to a trampoline if the
// replacement function is > +-2GB from target. This means that we only need
// to patch 5 bytes in the target function.
//
// @param target Pointer to target function.
//
// @return Returns a block of memory of size MAX_PREAMBLE_STUB_SIZE that can
// be used to store a function preamble block.
static unsigned char* AllocPreambleBlockNear(void* target);
// Frees a block allocated by AllocPreambleBlockNear.
//
// @param block Block that was returned by AllocPreambleBlockNear.
static void FreePreambleBlock(unsigned char* block);
private:
friend class DeleteUnsignedCharArray;
// Used to store data allocated for preamble stubs
struct PreamblePage {
unsigned int magic_;
PreamblePage* next_;
// This member points to a linked list of free blocks within the page
// or NULL if at the end
void* free_;
};
// In 64-bit mode, the replacement function must be within 2GB of the original
// target in order to only require 5 bytes for the function patch. To meet
// this requirement we're creating an allocator within this class to
// allocate blocks that are within 2GB of a given target. This member is the
// head of a linked list of pages used to allocate blocks that are within
// 2GB of the target.
static PreamblePage* preamble_pages_;
// Page granularity
static long granularity_;
// Page size
static long pagesize_;
// Determines if the patcher has been initialized.
static bool initialized_;
// Used to initialize static members.
static void Initialize();
// Patches a function by overwriting its first few bytes with
// a jump to a different function. This is similar to the RawPatch
// function except that it uses the stub allocated by the caller
// instead of allocating it.
//
// We call VirtualProtect to make the
// target function writable at least for the duration of the call.
//
// @param target_function A pointer to the function that should be
// patched.
//
// @param replacement_function A pointer to the function that should
// replace the target function. The replacement function must have
// exactly the same calling convention and parameters as the original
// function.
//
// @param preamble_stub A pointer to a buffer where the preamble stub
// should be copied. The size of the buffer should be sufficient to
// hold the preamble bytes.
//
// @param stub_size Size in bytes of the buffer allocated for the
// preamble_stub
//
// @param bytes_needed Pointer to a variable that receives the minimum
// number of bytes required for the stub. Can be set to NULL if you're
// not interested.
//
// @return An error code indicating the result of patching.
static SideStepError RawPatchWithStubAndProtections(
void* target_function,
void* replacement_function,
unsigned char* preamble_stub,
unsigned long stub_size,
unsigned long* bytes_needed);
// A helper function used by RawPatchWithStubAndProtections -- it
// does everything but the VirtualProtect work. Defined in
// preamble_patcher_with_stub.cc.
//
// @param target_function A pointer to the function that should be
// patched.
//
// @param replacement_function A pointer to the function that should
// replace the target function. The replacement function must have
// exactly the same calling convention and parameters as the original
// function.
//
// @param preamble_stub A pointer to a buffer where the preamble stub
// should be copied. The size of the buffer should be sufficient to
// hold the preamble bytes.
//
// @param stub_size Size in bytes of the buffer allocated for the
// preamble_stub
//
// @param bytes_needed Pointer to a variable that receives the minimum
// number of bytes required for the stub. Can be set to NULL if you're
// not interested.
//
// @return An error code indicating the result of patching.
static SideStepError RawPatchWithStub(void* target_function,
void* replacement_function,
unsigned char* preamble_stub,
unsigned long stub_size,
unsigned long* bytes_needed);
// A helper routine when patching, which follows jmp instructions at
// function addresses, to get to the "actual" function contents.
// This allows us to identify two functions that are at different
// addresses but actually resolve to the same code.
//
// @param target_function Pointer to a function.
//
// @param stop_before If, when following JMP instructions from
// target_function, we get to the address stop, we return
// immediately, the address that jumps to stop_before.
//
// @param stop_before_trampoline When following JMP instructions from
// target_function, stop before a trampoline is detected. See comment in
// PreamblePatcher::RawPatchWithStub for more information. This parameter
// has no effect in 32-bit mode.
//
// @return Either target_function (the input parameter), or if
// target_function's body consists entirely of a JMP instruction,
// the address it JMPs to (or more precisely, the address at the end
// of a chain of JMPs).
static void* ResolveTargetImpl(unsigned char* target_function,
unsigned char* stop_before,
bool stop_before_trampoline = false);
// Helper routine that attempts to allocate a page as close (within 2GB)
// as possible to target.
//
// @param target Pointer to target function.
//
// @return Returns an address that is within 2GB of target.
static void* AllocPageNear(void* target);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a short
// conditional jump.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a short conditional jump.
static bool IsShortConditionalJump(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
static bool IsShortJump(unsigned char *target, unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a near
// conditional jump.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a near conditional jump.
static bool IsNearConditionalJump(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a near
// relative jump.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a near absolute jump.
static bool IsNearRelativeJump(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a near
// absolute call.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a near absolute call.
static bool IsNearAbsoluteCall(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a near
// absolute call.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a near absolute call.
static bool IsNearRelativeCall(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that determines if a target instruction is a 64-bit MOV
// that uses a RIP-relative displacement.
//
// @param target Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction in bytes.
//
// @return Returns true if the instruction is a MOV with displacement.
static bool IsMovWithDisplacement(unsigned char* target,
unsigned int instruction_size);
// Helper routine that converts a short conditional jump instruction
// to a near conditional jump in a target buffer. Note that the target
// buffer must be within 2GB of the source for the near jump to work.
//
// A short conditional jump instruction is in the format:
// 7x xx = Jcc rel8off
//
// @param source Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction.
//
// @param target Target buffer to write the new instruction.
//
// @param target_bytes Pointer to a buffer that contains the size
// of the target instruction, in bytes.
//
// @param target_size Size of the target buffer.
//
// @return Returns SIDESTEP_SUCCESS if successful, otherwise an error.
static SideStepError PatchShortConditionalJump(unsigned char* source,
unsigned int instruction_size,
unsigned char* target,
unsigned int* target_bytes,
unsigned int target_size);
static SideStepError PatchShortJump(unsigned char* source,
unsigned int instruction_size,
unsigned char* target,
unsigned int* target_bytes,
unsigned int target_size);
// Helper routine that converts an instruction that will convert various
// jump-like instructions to corresponding instructions in the target buffer.
// What this routine does is fix up the relative offsets contained in jump
// instructions to point back to the original target routine. Like with
// PatchShortConditionalJump, the target buffer must be within 2GB of the
// source.
//
// We currently handle the following instructions:
//
// E9 xx xx xx xx = JMP rel32off
// 0F 8x xx xx xx xx = Jcc rel32off
// FF /2 xx xx xx xx = CALL reg/mem32/mem64
// E8 xx xx xx xx = CALL rel32off
//
// It should not be hard to update this function to support other
// instructions that jump to relative targets.
//
// @param source Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction.
//
// @param target Target buffer to write the new instruction.
//
// @param target_bytes Pointer to a buffer that contains the size
// of the target instruction, in bytes.
//
// @param target_size Size of the target buffer.
//
// @return Returns SIDESTEP_SUCCESS if successful, otherwise an error.
static SideStepError PatchNearJumpOrCall(unsigned char* source,
unsigned int instruction_size,
unsigned char* target,
unsigned int* target_bytes,
unsigned int target_size);
// Helper routine that patches a 64-bit MOV instruction with a RIP-relative
// displacement. The target buffer must be within 2GB of the source.
//
// 48 8B 0D XX XX XX XX = MOV rel32off
//
// @param source Pointer to instruction.
//
// @param instruction_size Size of the instruction.
//
// @param target Target buffer to write the new instruction.
//
// @param target_bytes Pointer to a buffer that contains the size
// of the target instruction, in bytes.
//
// @param target_size Size of the target buffer.
//
// @return Returns SIDESTEP_SUCCESS if successful, otherwise an error.
static SideStepError PatchMovWithDisplacement(unsigned char* source,
unsigned int instruction_size,
unsigned char* target,
unsigned int* target_bytes,
unsigned int target_size);
};
}; // namespace sidestep
#endif // GOOGLE_PERFTOOLS_PREAMBLE_PATCHER_H_