diff --git a/crypto/vm/continuation.cpp b/crypto/vm/continuation.cpp
index 91386980..bc67c6d2 100644
--- a/crypto/vm/continuation.cpp
+++ b/crypto/vm/continuation.cpp
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
 
 namespace vm {
 
-int Continuation::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
-  return static_cast<const Continuation*>(this)->jump(st);
+td::Ref<Continuation> Continuation::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
+  return static_cast<const Continuation*>(this)->jump(st, exitcode);
 }
 
 bool Continuation::has_c0() const {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ std::string QuitCont::type() const {
   return "vmc_quit";
 }
 
-int ExcQuitCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> ExcQuitCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   int n = 0;
   try {
     n = st->get_stack().pop_smallint_range(0xffff);
@@ -294,7 +294,8 @@ int ExcQuitCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
     n = vme.get_errno();
   }
   VM_LOG(st) << "default exception handler, terminating vm with exit code " << n;
-  return ~n;
+  exitcode = ~n;
+  return {};
 }
 
 std::string ExcQuitCont::type() const {
@@ -311,16 +312,16 @@ Ref<ExcQuitCont> ExcQuitCont::deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode) {
   return cs.fetch_ulong(4) == 9 ? Ref<ExcQuitCont>{true} : Ref<ExcQuitCont>{};
 }
 
-int PushIntCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> PushIntCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   VM_LOG(st) << "execute implicit PUSH " << push_val << " (slow)";
   st->get_stack().push_smallint(push_val);
-  return st->jump(next);
+  return next;
 }
 
-int PushIntCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> PushIntCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   VM_LOG(st) << "execute implicit PUSH " << push_val;
   st->get_stack().push_smallint(push_val);
-  return st->jump(std::move(next));
+  return std::move(next);
 }
 
 std::string PushIntCont::type() const {
@@ -345,20 +346,20 @@ Ref<PushIntCont> PushIntCont::deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode) {
   }
 }
 
-int ArgContExt::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> ArgContExt::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   st->adjust_cr(data.save);
   if (data.cp != -1) {
     st->force_cp(data.cp);
   }
-  return ext->jump(st);
+  return ext;
 }
 
-int ArgContExt::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> ArgContExt::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   st->adjust_cr(std::move(data.save));
   if (data.cp != -1) {
     st->force_cp(data.cp);
   }
-  return st->jump_to(std::move(ext));
+  return std::move(ext);
 }
 
 bool ArgContExt::serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const {
@@ -382,32 +383,32 @@ std::string ArgContExt::type() const {
   return "vmc_envelope";
 }
 
-int RepeatCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> RepeatCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   VM_LOG(st) << "repeat " << count << " more times (slow)\n";
   if (count <= 0) {
-    return st->jump(after);
+    return after;
   }
   if (body->has_c0()) {
-    return st->jump(body);
+    return body;
   }
   st->set_c0(Ref<RepeatCont>{true, body, after, count - 1});
-  return st->jump(body);
+  return body;
 }
 
-int RepeatCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> RepeatCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   VM_LOG(st) << "repeat " << count << " more times\n";
   if (count <= 0) {
     body.clear();
-    return st->jump(std::move(after));
+    return std::move(after);
   }
   if (body->has_c0()) {
     after.clear();
-    return st->jump(std::move(body));
+    return std::move(body);
   }
   // optimization: since this is unique, reuse *this instead of creating new object
   --count;
   st->set_c0(Ref<RepeatCont>{this});
-  return st->jump(body);
+  return body;
 }
 
 bool RepeatCont::serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const {
@@ -443,21 +444,21 @@ int VmState::repeat(Ref<Continuation> body, Ref<Continuation> after, long long c
   }
 }
 
-int AgainCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> AgainCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   VM_LOG(st) << "again an infinite loop iteration (slow)\n";
   if (!body->has_c0()) {
     st->set_c0(Ref<AgainCont>{this});
   }
-  return st->jump(body);
+  return body;
 }
 
-int AgainCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> AgainCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   VM_LOG(st) << "again an infinite loop iteration\n";
   if (!body->has_c0()) {
     st->set_c0(Ref<AgainCont>{this});
-    return st->jump(body);
+    return body;
   } else {
-    return st->jump(std::move(body));
+    return std::move(body);
   }
 }
 
@@ -485,31 +486,31 @@ int VmState::again(Ref<Continuation> body) {
   return jump(Ref<AgainCont>{true, std::move(body)});
 }
 
-int UntilCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> UntilCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   VM_LOG(st) << "until loop body end (slow)\n";
   if (st->get_stack().pop_bool()) {
     VM_LOG(st) << "until loop terminated\n";
-    return st->jump(after);
+    return after;
   }
   if (!body->has_c0()) {
     st->set_c0(Ref<UntilCont>{this});
   }
-  return st->jump(body);
+  return body;
 }
 
-int UntilCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> UntilCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   VM_LOG(st) << "until loop body end\n";
   if (st->get_stack().pop_bool()) {
     VM_LOG(st) << "until loop terminated\n";
     body.clear();
-    return st->jump(std::move(after));
+    return std::move(after);
   }
   if (!body->has_c0()) {
     st->set_c0(Ref<UntilCont>{this});
-    return st->jump(body);
+    return body;
   } else {
     after.clear();
-    return st->jump(std::move(body));
+    return std::move(body);
   }
 }
 
@@ -541,54 +542,54 @@ int VmState::until(Ref<Continuation> body, Ref<Continuation> after) {
   return jump(std::move(body));
 }
 
-int WhileCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> WhileCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   if (chkcond) {
     VM_LOG(st) << "while loop condition end (slow)\n";
     if (!st->get_stack().pop_bool()) {
       VM_LOG(st) << "while loop terminated\n";
-      return st->jump(after);
+      return after;
     }
     if (!body->has_c0()) {
       st->set_c0(Ref<WhileCont>{true, cond, body, after, false});
     }
-    return st->jump(body);
+    return body;
   } else {
     VM_LOG(st) << "while loop body end (slow)\n";
     if (!cond->has_c0()) {
       st->set_c0(Ref<WhileCont>{true, cond, body, after, true});
     }
-    return st->jump(cond);
+    return cond;
   }
 }
 
-int WhileCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> WhileCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   if (chkcond) {
     VM_LOG(st) << "while loop condition end\n";
     if (!st->get_stack().pop_bool()) {
       VM_LOG(st) << "while loop terminated\n";
       cond.clear();
       body.clear();
-      return st->jump(std::move(after));
+      return std::move(after);
     }
     if (!body->has_c0()) {
       chkcond = false;  // re-use current object since we hold the unique pointer to it
       st->set_c0(Ref<WhileCont>{this});
-      return st->jump(body);
+      return body;
     } else {
       cond.clear();
       after.clear();
-      return st->jump(std::move(body));
+      return std::move(body);
     }
   } else {
     VM_LOG(st) << "while loop body end\n";
     if (!cond->has_c0()) {
       chkcond = true;  // re-use current object
       st->set_c0(Ref<WhileCont>{this});
-      return st->jump(cond);
+      return cond;
     } else {
       body.clear();
       after.clear();
-      return st->jump(std::move(cond));
+      return std::move(cond);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -627,16 +628,16 @@ int VmState::loop_while(Ref<Continuation> cond, Ref<Continuation> body, Ref<Cont
   return jump(std::move(cond));
 }
 
-int OrdCont::jump(VmState* st) const & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> OrdCont::jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& {
   st->adjust_cr(data.save);
   st->set_code(code, data.cp);
-  return 0;
+  return {};
 }
 
-int OrdCont::jump_w(VmState* st) & {
+td::Ref<Continuation> OrdCont::jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & {
   st->adjust_cr(std::move(data.save));
   st->set_code(std::move(code), data.cp);
-  return 0;
+  return {};
 }
 
 bool OrdCont::serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const {
diff --git a/crypto/vm/continuation.h b/crypto/vm/continuation.h
index 8208fc16..0c758c92 100644
--- a/crypto/vm/continuation.h
+++ b/crypto/vm/continuation.h
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ struct ControlData {
 
 class Continuation : public td::CntObject {
  public:
-  virtual int jump(VmState* st) const & = 0;
-  virtual int jump_w(VmState* st) &;
+  virtual td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& = 0;
+  virtual td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) &;
   virtual ControlData* get_cdata() {
     return 0;
   }
@@ -203,8 +203,9 @@ class QuitCont : public Continuation {
   QuitCont(int _code = 0) : exit_code(_code) {
   }
   ~QuitCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override {
-    return ~exit_code;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override {
+    exitcode = ~exit_code;
+    return {};
   }
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<QuitCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ class ExcQuitCont : public Continuation {
  public:
   ExcQuitCont() = default;
   ~ExcQuitCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<ExcQuitCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -229,8 +230,8 @@ class PushIntCont : public Continuation {
   PushIntCont(int val, Ref<Continuation> _next) : push_val(val), next(_next) {
   }
   ~PushIntCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<PushIntCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -245,8 +246,8 @@ class RepeatCont : public Continuation {
       : body(std::move(_body)), after(std::move(_after)), count(_count) {
   }
   ~RepeatCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<RepeatCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -259,8 +260,8 @@ class AgainCont : public Continuation {
   AgainCont(Ref<Continuation> _body) : body(std::move(_body)) {
   }
   ~AgainCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<AgainCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -273,8 +274,8 @@ class UntilCont : public Continuation {
   UntilCont(Ref<Continuation> _body, Ref<Continuation> _after) : body(std::move(_body)), after(std::move(_after)) {
   }
   ~UntilCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<UntilCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -289,8 +290,8 @@ class WhileCont : public Continuation {
       : cond(std::move(_cond)), body(std::move(_body)), after(std::move(_after)), chkcond(_chk) {
   }
   ~WhileCont() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   bool serialize(CellBuilder& cb) const override;
   static Ref<WhileCont> deserialize(CellSlice& cs, int mode = 0);
   std::string type() const override;
@@ -312,8 +313,8 @@ class ArgContExt : public Continuation {
   ArgContExt(const ArgContExt&) = default;
   ArgContExt(ArgContExt&&) = default;
   ~ArgContExt() override = default;
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
   ControlData* get_cdata() override {
     return &data;
   }
@@ -354,8 +355,8 @@ class OrdCont : public Continuation {
   td::CntObject* make_copy() const override {
     return new OrdCont{*this};
   }
-  int jump(VmState* st) const & override;
-  int jump_w(VmState* st) & override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump(VmState* st, int& exitcode) const& override;
+  td::Ref<Continuation> jump_w(VmState* st, int& exitcode) & override;
 
   ControlData* get_cdata() override {
     return &data;
diff --git a/crypto/vm/vm.h b/crypto/vm/vm.h
index e5cca026..e67d54f1 100644
--- a/crypto/vm/vm.h
+++ b/crypto/vm/vm.h
@@ -370,7 +370,11 @@ class VmState final : public VmStateInterface {
     throw VmFatal{};
   }
   int jump_to(Ref<Continuation> cont) {
-    return cont->is_unique() ? cont.unique_write().jump_w(this) : cont->jump(this);
+    int res = 0;
+    while (cont.not_null()) {
+      cont = cont->is_unique() ? cont.unique_write().jump_w(this, res) : cont->jump(this, res);
+    }
+    return res;
   }
   static Ref<CellSlice> convert_code_cell(Ref<Cell> code_cell);
   bool try_commit();