[Tolk] Nullable types T? and null safety

This commit introduces nullable types `T?` that are
distinct from non-nullable `T`.
Example: `int?` (int or null) and `int` are different now.
Previously, `null` could be assigned to any primitive type.
Now, it can be assigned only to `T?`.

A non-null assertion operator `!` was also introduced,
similar to `!` in TypeScript and `!!` in Kotlin.

If `int?` still occupies 1 stack slot, `(int,int)?` and
other nullable tensors occupy N+1 slots, the last for
"null precedence". `v == null` actually compares that slot.
Assigning `(int,int)` to `(int,int)?` implicitly creates
a null presence slot. Assigning `null` to `(int,int)?` widens
this null value to 3 slots. This is called "type transitioning".

All stdlib functions prototypes have been updated to reflect
whether they return/accept a nullable or a strict value.

This commit also contains refactoring from `const FunctionData*`
to `FunctionPtr` and similar.

tolk/compiler-state.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void CompilerSettings::parse_experimental_options_cmd_arg(const std::string& cmd
   }
 }
 
-const std::vector<const FunctionData*>& get_all_not_builtin_functions() {
+const std::vector<FunctionPtr>& get_all_not_builtin_functions() {
   return G.all_functions;
 }