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[Tolk] Nullable types T? and null safety

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This commit introduces nullable types `T?` that are
distinct from non-nullable `T`.
Example: `int?` (int or null) and `int` are different now.
Previously, `null` could be assigned to any primitive type.
Now, it can be assigned only to `T?`.

A non-null assertion operator `!` was also introduced,
similar to `!` in TypeScript and `!!` in Kotlin.

If `int?` still occupies 1 stack slot, `(int,int)?` and
other nullable tensors occupy N+1 slots, the last for
"null precedence". `v == null` actually compares that slot.
Assigning `(int,int)` to `(int,int)?` implicitly creates
a null presence slot. Assigning `null` to `(int,int)?` widens
this null value to 3 slots. This is called "type transitioning".

All stdlib functions prototypes have been updated to reflect
whether they return/accept a nullable or a strict value.

This commit also contains refactoring from `const FunctionData*`
to `FunctionPtr` and similar.
This commit is contained in:
tolk-vm 2025-02-24 20:13:36 +03:00
parent 1389ff6789
commit f3e620f48c
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62 changed files with 2031 additions and 702 deletions
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42
tolk/generics-helpers.h
View file

@ -57,8 +57,46 @@ struct GenericsInstantiation {
}
};
// this class helps to deduce Ts on the fly
// purpose: having `f<T>(value: T)` and call `f(5)`, deduce T = int
// while analyzing a call, arguments are handled one by one, by `auto_deduce_from_argument()`
// this class also handles manually specified substitutions like `f<int>(5)`
class GenericSubstitutionsDeduceForCall {
FunctionPtr fun_ref;
std::vector<TypePtr> substitutionTs;
bool manually_specified = false;
void provide_deducedT(const std::string& nameT, TypePtr deduced);
void consider_next_condition(TypePtr param_type, TypePtr arg_type);
public:
explicit GenericSubstitutionsDeduceForCall(FunctionPtr fun_ref);
bool is_manually_specified() const {
return manually_specified;
}
void provide_manually_specified(std::vector<TypePtr>&& substitutionTs);
TypePtr replace_by_manually_specified(TypePtr param_type) const;
TypePtr auto_deduce_from_argument(SrcLocation loc, TypePtr param_type, TypePtr arg_type);
int get_first_not_deduced_idx() const;
std::vector<TypePtr>&& flush() {
return std::move(substitutionTs);
}
};
struct GenericDeduceError final : std::exception {
std::string message;
explicit GenericDeduceError(std::string message)
: message(std::move(message)) { }
const char* what() const noexcept override {
return message.c_str();
}
};
std::string generate_instantiated_name(const std::string& orig_name, const std::vector<TypePtr>& substitutions);
td::Result<std::vector<TypePtr>> deduce_substitutionTs_on_generic_func_call(const FunctionData* called_fun, std::vector<TypePtr>&& arg_types, TypePtr return_hint);
const FunctionData* instantiate_generic_function(SrcLocation loc, const FunctionData* fun_ref, const std::string& inst_name, std::vector<TypePtr>&& substitutionTs);
FunctionPtr instantiate_generic_function(SrcLocation loc, FunctionPtr fun_ref, const std::string& inst_name, std::vector<TypePtr>&& substitutionTs);
} // namespace tolk