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[Tolk] Nullable types T? and null safety

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This commit introduces nullable types `T?` that are
distinct from non-nullable `T`.
Example: `int?` (int or null) and `int` are different now.
Previously, `null` could be assigned to any primitive type.
Now, it can be assigned only to `T?`.

A non-null assertion operator `!` was also introduced,
similar to `!` in TypeScript and `!!` in Kotlin.

If `int?` still occupies 1 stack slot, `(int,int)?` and
other nullable tensors occupy N+1 slots, the last for
"null precedence". `v == null` actually compares that slot.
Assigning `(int,int)` to `(int,int)?` implicitly creates
a null presence slot. Assigning `null` to `(int,int)?` widens
this null value to 3 slots. This is called "type transitioning".

All stdlib functions prototypes have been updated to reflect
whether they return/accept a nullable or a strict value.

This commit also contains refactoring from `const FunctionData*`
to `FunctionPtr` and similar.
This commit is contained in:
tolk-vm 2025-02-24 20:13:36 +03:00
parent 1389ff6789
commit f3e620f48c
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GPG key ID: 7905DD7FE0324B12
62 changed files with 2031 additions and 702 deletions
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8
tolk/pipe-generate-fif-output.cpp
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void FunctionBodyAsm::set_code(std::vector<AsmOp>&& code) {
}
static void generate_output_func(const FunctionData* fun_ref) {
static void generate_output_func(FunctionPtr fun_ref) {
tolk_assert(fun_ref->is_code_function());
if (G.is_verbosity(2)) {
std::cerr << "\n\n=========================\nfunction " << fun_ref->name << " : " << fun_ref->inferred_return_type << std::endl;
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ void pipeline_generate_fif_output_to_std_cout() {
std::cout << "PROGRAM{\n";
bool has_main_procedure = false;
for (const FunctionData* fun_ref : G.all_functions) {
for (FunctionPtr fun_ref : G.all_functions) {
if (!fun_ref->does_need_codegen()) {
if (G.is_verbosity(2) && fun_ref->is_code_function()) {
std::cerr << fun_ref->name << ": code not generated, function does not need codegen\n";
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void pipeline_generate_fif_output_to_std_cout() {
throw Fatal("the contract has no entrypoint; forgot `fun onInternalMessage(...)`?");
}
for (const GlobalVarData* var_ref : G.all_global_vars) {
for (GlobalVarPtr var_ref : G.all_global_vars) {
if (!var_ref->is_really_used() && G.settings.remove_unused_functions) {
if (G.is_verbosity(2)) {
std::cerr << var_ref->name << ": variable not generated, it's unused\n";
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void pipeline_generate_fif_output_to_std_cout() {
std::cout << std::string(2, ' ') << "DECLGLOBVAR " << var_ref->name << "\n";
}
for (const FunctionData* fun_ref : G.all_functions) {
for (FunctionPtr fun_ref : G.all_functions) {
if (!fun_ref->does_need_codegen()) {
continue;
}