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[Tolk] Nullable types T? and null safety

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This commit introduces nullable types `T?` that are
distinct from non-nullable `T`.
Example: `int?` (int or null) and `int` are different now.
Previously, `null` could be assigned to any primitive type.
Now, it can be assigned only to `T?`.

A non-null assertion operator `!` was also introduced,
similar to `!` in TypeScript and `!!` in Kotlin.

If `int?` still occupies 1 stack slot, `(int,int)?` and
other nullable tensors occupy N+1 slots, the last for
"null precedence". `v == null` actually compares that slot.
Assigning `(int,int)` to `(int,int)?` implicitly creates
a null presence slot. Assigning `null` to `(int,int)?` widens
this null value to 3 slots. This is called "type transitioning".

All stdlib functions prototypes have been updated to reflect
whether they return/accept a nullable or a strict value.

This commit also contains refactoring from `const FunctionData*`
to `FunctionPtr` and similar.
This commit is contained in:
tolk-vm 2025-02-24 20:13:36 +03:00
parent 1389ff6789
commit f3e620f48c
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62 changed files with 2031 additions and 702 deletions
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8
tolk/pipeline.h
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@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ void pipeline_generate_fif_output_to_std_cout();
// these pipes also can be called per-function individually
// they are called for instantiated generics functions, when `f<T>` is deeply cloned as `f<int>`
void pipeline_resolve_identifiers_and_assign_symbols(const FunctionData*);
void pipeline_calculate_rvalue_lvalue(const FunctionData*);
void pipeline_detect_unreachable_statements(const FunctionData*);
void pipeline_infer_types_and_calls_and_fields(const FunctionData*);
void pipeline_resolve_identifiers_and_assign_symbols(FunctionPtr);
void pipeline_calculate_rvalue_lvalue(FunctionPtr);
void pipeline_detect_unreachable_statements(FunctionPtr);
void pipeline_infer_types_and_calls_and_fields(FunctionPtr);
} // namespace tolk