Comparison operators `== / >= /...` return `bool`.
Logical operators `&& ||` return bool.
Constants `true` and `false` have the `bool` type.
Lots of stdlib functions return `bool`, not `int`.
Operator `!x` supports both `int` and `bool`.
Condition of `if` accepts both `int` and `bool`.
Arithmetic operators are restricted to integers.
Logical `&&` and `||` accept both `bool` and `int`.
No arithmetic operations with bools allowed (only bitwise and logical).
FunC's (and Tolk's before this PR) type system is based on Hindley-Milner.
This is a common approach for functional languages, where
types are inferred from usage through unification.
As a result, type declarations are not necessary:
() f(a,b) { return a+b; } // a and b now int, since `+` (int, int)
While this approach works for now, problems arise with the introduction
of new types like bool, where `!x` must handle both int and bool.
It will also become incompatible with int32 and other strict integers.
This will clash with structure methods, struggle with proper generics,
and become entirely impractical for union types.
This PR completely rewrites the type system targeting the future.
1) type of any expression is inferred and never changed
2) this is available because dependent expressions already inferred
3) forall completely removed, generic functions introduced
(they work like template functions actually, instantiated while inferring)
4) instantiation `<...>` syntax, example: `t.tupleAt<int>(0)`
5) `as` keyword, for example `t.tupleAt(0) as int`
6) methods binding is done along with type inferring, not before
("before", as worked previously, was always a wrong approach)
This is a huge refactoring focusing on untangling compiler internals
(previously forked from FunC).
The goal is to convert AST directly to Op (a kind of IR representation),
doing all code analysis at AST level.
Noteable changes:
- AST-based semantic kernel includes: registering global symbols,
scope handling and resolving local/global identifiers,
lvalue/rvalue calc and check, implicit return detection,
mutability analysis, pure/impure validity checks,
simple constant folding
- values of `const` variables are calculated NOT based on CodeBlob,
but via a newly-introduced AST-based constant evaluator
- AST vertices are now inherited from expression/statement/other;
expression vertices have common properties (TypeExpr, lvalue/rvalue)
- symbol table is rewritten completely, SymDef/SymVal no longer exist,
lexer now doesn't need to register identifiers
- AST vertices have references to symbols, filled at different
stages of pipeline
- the remaining "FunC legacy part" is almost unchanged besides Expr
which was fully dropped; AST is converted to Ops (IR) directly
Unary logical NOT was already implemented earlier.
Logical AND OR are expressed via conditional expression:
* a && b -> a ? (b != 0) : 0
* a || b -> a ? 1 : (b != 0)
They work as expected in any expressions. For instance, having
`cond && f()`, f is called only if cond is true.
For primitive cases, like `a > 0 && b > 0`, Fift code is not optimal,
it could potentially be without IFs.
These are moments of future optimizations. For now, it's more than enough.
Instead on 'ton_crypto', Tolk now depends on 'ton_crypto_core'.
The only purpose of ton_crypto (in FunC also, btw) is address parsing:
"EQCRDM9...", "0:52b3..." and so on.
Such parsing has been implemented manually exactly the same way.
This is a very big change.
If FunC has `.methods()` and `~methods()`, Tolk has only dot,
one and only way to call a `.method()`.
A method may mutate an object, or may not.
It's a behavioral and semantic difference from FunC.
- `cs.loadInt(32)` modifies a slice and returns an integer
- `b.storeInt(x, 32)` modifies a builder
- `b = b.storeInt()` also works, since it not only modifies, but returns
- chained methods also work, they return `self`
- everything works exactly as expected, similar to JS
- no runtime overhead, exactly same Fift instructions
- custom methods are created with ease
- tilda `~` does not exist in Tolk at all
- split stdlib.tolk into multiple files (tolk-stdlib/ folder)
(the "core" common.tolk is auto-imported, the rest are
needed to be explicitly imported like "@stdlib/tvm-dicts.tolk")
- all functions were renamed to long and clear names
- new naming is camelCase
Lots of changes, actually. Most noticeable are:
- traditional //comments
- #include -> import
- a rule "import what you use"
- ~ found -> !found (for -1/0)
- null() -> null
- is_null?(v) -> v == null
- throw is a keyword
- catch with swapped arguments
- throw_if, throw_unless -> assert
- do until -> do while
- elseif -> else if
- drop ifnot, elseifnot
- drop rarely used operators
A testing framework also appears here. All tests existed earlier,
but due to significant syntax changes, their history is useless.
Since I've implemented AST, now I can drop forward declarations.
Instead, I traverse AST of all files and register global symbols
(functions, constants, global vars) as a separate step, in advance.
That's why, while converting AST to Expr/Op, all available symbols are
already registered.
This greatly simplifies "intermediate state" of yet unknown functions
and checking them afterward.
Redeclaration of local variables (inside the same scope)
is now also prohibited.
